Miniature Paul--Straubel ion trap with well-defined deep potential well

Mitochondrial Haplogroups and Well Defined Populations

Reduction by well-defined objectives.

Examination of programmes of experimental work involving live animals indicates scope for worthwhile reduction in animal usage by identifying more clearly the objectives of the different stages of a programme. Having a defined first objective for new or transferred methodology as "to optimise the methods", rather than an exploratory "try it with a few animals and modify" approach, is more likel...

Well-Defined Stochastic Petri Nets

Formalisms based on stochastic Petri Nets (SPNs) can employ structural analysis to ensure that the underlying stochastic process is fully determined. The focus is on the detection of conflicts and confusions at the net level, but this might require to overspecify a given SPN model. The problem becomes even more critical when reward processes of interest derived from the basic underlying process...

A single strontium Rydberg ion confined in a Paul trap

Gerard Higgins, 2 Weibin Li, 4 Fabian Pokorny, Chi Zhang, Florian Kress, Christine Maier, Johannes Haag, Quentin Bodart, Igor Lesanovsky, 4 and Markus Hennrich Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United K...

Cryogenic linear Paul trap for cold highly charged ion experiments.

Storage and cooling of highly charged ions require ultra-high vacuum levels obtainable by means of cryogenic methods. We have developed a linear Paul trap operating at 4 K capable of very long ion storage times of about 30 h. A conservative upper bound of the H(2) partial pressure of about 10(-15) mbar (at 4 K) is obtained from this. External ion injection is possible and optimized optical acce...